Blood group of IUI-D born child is also determined genetically as it happen in normally born child. In most of the case ABO Rh blood type is calculated & predicted according to child blood type calculator. Occasionally Blood Group of IUI-D born child is being influenced by some specific factors. These factors affect in a drastic and exotic way. And ultimately it results unpredicted blood group of IUI-D born child.
We are going to elaborate this topic under six headings.
Brief History related to human blood group
Child blood type calculator.
Factors influencing blood group of child.
How IUI–D can affect the blood group of child.
Discussion
Conclusion
1- Brief history related to Human Blood Group.
The ABO blood types discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901.
The genes (responsible for blood group) is located on the long arm of the ninth chromosome.
The ABO blood group evolved approx 20 million years ago. But scientists still don’t understand the purpose of different blood type in human being.
2- Child Blood type Calculator.
In usual case Baby’s blood group is determined by the mother and the father’s blood group. The two important blood group in humans are the ABO and the Rh systems. Mother or father may be A, B, O or AB and all four blood may be Rh +ve or Rh –ve.
The blood group are named according to presence or absence of A & B antigen. These antigen remain attached on the surface of Red Blood Cell (RBC). In blood group A, antigen A is on the surface of RBC. Blood group B, antigen B is on the surface of RBC. And blood group AB, both antigen A & B are on the surface of RBC. While blood group O does not have any antigen on surface of RBC.
Given Child Blood Group Calculator ( ABO Type) is a very simple chart to predict blood group of a child .
In the same way below given chart is very effective in predicting Rh system of blood group.
The above given both the charts predict the blood group of a child which will be almost correct. But there are conditions , of course rare, where the child may have a different blood group.
Sometime (rather rarely) the blood group of child are not as per expectation. To say even parents with blood group AB may have child with blood group O.
3.– Factors influencing blood group of child.
Bombay Blood Group — Parent with Bombay blood group can effectively give birth to a child with unpredictable blood group. Like a child with blood group O can be born by parent of any blood group even AB + AB parent. (Bombay blood group is relatively common in Indian).
Cis-AB — Cis-AB is another rare variant, in which both genes of a parent transmitted together in egg or ovum. Therefore the child will have two set of DNA. May be one from father side AB blood group and other from mother side (may be) A, B or O . This type of child will express as AB during blood group determination. But they can transmit AB, A, B,or O gene to their child.(more common in Koreans & Japanese).
Chimera – The person “chimera “ is having two set of cells . In other word he / she has two set of DNA. How a chimera develop? During early stage of fertilization two eggs fertilized with different set of DNA. Both the zygote fuse together and in most of the case develop like a normal person. They have two set of cells. Sometime they present like different colored eye in one person, patchy skin , in the same way chimera may produce sperm/ovum from two totally different set of cells.
Mutation – Although very rare, but theoretically possible. A child can get any kind of blood type if you consider the effect of mutations. By the time a baby is born, the baby have on average 100 or so new mutations. It is worth to consider here that the difference between A, B and O blood type are very small. Therefore it is likely that a small change can result into O mother to produce an A or B egg. In the same way an O father can make an A or B sperm.
In this evolutionary world this list is not going to end here. With time more new factors will come up, which can change or affect the blood group of child.
4. – How IUI–D can affect the blood group of child.
Here my aim is to discuss how the above mentioned factors as well as other factors affect the blood group of IUI–D born child.
All factors mentioned above influence the blood group of IUI-D born child. There is no change in the rate. Whether the child is normal born or ART / IUI-D born.
Most of the Sperm bank, who provide frozen semen sample for IUI-D, are not performing test for Bombay blood group, Cis – AB or Chimera for their donors.
Even WHO or any other organization are not recommending such specific test like Bombay blood group, Cis-AB, Chimerism, etc to sperm bank for their sperm donors.
Mutational factor is beyond control & can not diagnosed or controlled.
I don’t disagree that there may be mistake from sperm bank / infertility clinic – manually , documentary or clerical.
We should not forget the possibility that the lady may have physical contact with third person during the treatment by IUI- D, which can make her pregnant.
Discussion —-
In this discussion we will not included the effect of different blood group in blood transfusion or organ transplant.
At this point it should be clear that these condition / exception , where child blood group is misleading, is very rare and also not easy to test by simple means. Therefore it is best approach to find out, whether the child belongs to you, is different type of DNA test. Only after conducting a proper DNA test or series of DNA test you should consider about exotic like mutation , chimarism , etc.
An international team of researchers announced in the journal Nature Biotechnology an inexpensive and efficient way to convert types A, B, and AB blood into type O. They made it possible by using glycosidase enzymes from specific bacteria to strip the blood group antigens from red blood cells. Therefore in future it may be possible to change his or her blood group.
Conclusion —-
Sometime it may happen that the child is born with unmatched blood group from his / her parent. The whole responsibility may not go to infertility clinic, treating doctor or sperm bank.
In the same way even the blood group of child may not match with the blood group of donor sample. At this point of discussion I l to remind that donors of sperm bank are not tested for Bombay blood group, Cis – AB or Chimarism. Moreover we should not forget about mutation too.
Also it should be the duty of geneticist /a genetic counselor or consultant to explain all possibility related to different blood group of a child. As well as final diagnosis regarding the blood group of child should depend upon a series of DNA test, not merely base on blood group of parent.
Proper detection of parent-ship with an appropriate approach and counseling is important not only from medical point of view, but it is also going to serve the society by saving a confused family.
